JLPT N1 Grammar
〜を踏まえて (o fumaete) “Based on; taking into account; in light of” This expression is used when a speaker performs an action or makes a judgment by using existing data, past experiences, or specific premises as a foundation. In a professional context, it signals that a decision or strategy is not
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜いかんによっては (ikan ni yotte wa) “depending on ~; according to ~ [a certain result will follow]” This expression is used to indicate that a subsequent action, decision, or outcome is entirely contingent upon a specific condition, quality, or state of affairs. It is the more specific, conditional form of the broader grammar
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜ものを (mono o) “even though; if only; despite the fact that...” This expression is used to express the speaker's regret, dissatisfaction, or mild criticism regarding a situation that didn't go as planned. It highlights a hypothetical or expected outcome that would have been better if only
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜といえども (to iedomo) “Even though; despite the fact that; even if” This expression is used to acknowledge a certain fact or status while stating that the expected result or typical characteristic of that status does not follow. It emphasizes that even in an exceptional or high-level case, there are limitations,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜のいかんを問わず (no ikan o towazu) "regardless of; irrespective of; no matter what the... is" This grammar point is used to state that something applies or will be done regardless of the circumstances, reasons, or results of a particular factor. It is often used in situations where a rule,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜を余儀なくされる (o yogi naku sareru) "to be forced to; to have no choice but to; to be compelled" This expression is used when a person or organization is forced into a difficult or undesirable situation due to external factors, regardless of their own will. It implies that while
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜を限りに (wo kagiri ni) “as of; starting from; until; ending with” This expression is used to announce the end of a continued state or action at a specific point in time. In a professional context, it is frequently used to mark significant transitions, such as the termination of a project,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜とばかりに (to bakari ni) “as if to say; as though; as if” This expression is used to describe someone’s attitude or actions that strongly suggest a specific thought or statement, without them actually saying it out loud. It captures a vivid, non-verbal communication where the person's behavior,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜うと〜まいと (u to... mai to) "Whether one does [X] or not; regardless of whether [X] happens or not" This expression is used to emphasize that a subsequent action, state, or determination remains completely unchanged, regardless of whether a specific action is taken or a certain situation occurs.
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜うが〜まいが (u ga... mai ga) “whether... or not; regardless of whether... or not” This expression is used to state that a certain result, determination, or situation remains unchanged regardless of whether a particular action is taken or not. It connects the affirmative volitional form with the negative volitional form
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜いかんを問わず (ikan o towazu) “regardless of; no matter what the... may be” This expression is used to indicate that a specific rule, condition, or situation applies universally, without being affected by the nature, state, or circumstances of the preceding noun. It is a formal, written expression used to establish clear,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜いかんによらず (ikan ni yorazu) “regardless of; no matter what the... is; independent of” This expression is used to state that a particular situation, action, or rule applies universally, regardless of the degree, nature, or status of the preceding noun. It is a highly formal and stiff expression, often found in