JLPT N1 Grammar
〜いかんにかかわらず (ikan ni kakawarazu) “regardless of; no matter what the... is” This expression is used to state that a certain action, rule, or situation applies universally, regardless of the degree, nature, or circumstances of the preceding noun. It is a highly formal, stiff expression (文章語) used when the speaker wants
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜いかん (ikan) “depending on; whether or not; contingent upon” This expression is used to indicate that a situation, decision, or result depends entirely on a particular condition or factor. It is highly formal and belongs to the literary or stiff category of Japanese (文章語). * Formality: Very Formal. You will encounter
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜あっての (atte no) "thanks to ~; only because of ~; without ~, there would be no ~" This expression is used to emphasize that a certain result, status, or existence (B) is only possible because of a specific indispensable condition or entity (A). It highlights a strong dependency or a deep sense
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜は〜は〜わで (wa... wa... wa de) "and on top of that; this and that" This expression is used to list multiple causes, reasons, or circumstances that are simultaneously occurring, leading to a specific (usually overwhelming or problematic) result. It typically conveys a sense of being flustered, troubled,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜ひいては (hiite wa) "And also...; and consequently...; as well as... (extending to a larger scale)" This expression is used to connect two related ideas where the second idea is an extension, a larger scale, or a more significant consequence of the first. It literally comes from the verb
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜こそあれ (koso are) "Even though there is...; although... exists..." This expression is used to acknowledge that while a certain condition or fact exists, it does not change the primary situation or conclusion being discussed. It is often used to contrast a minor positive or negative point with a
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜んばかりだ (n bakari da) "As if...; almost as though...; on the verge of..." This expression describes a state where something is so extreme that it looks as if a certain action is about to happen, even if it hasn't actually occurred. It is formal and literary,
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜に先駆けて (ni sakigakete) “Ahead of...; to be the first to...; in a pioneer-like manner.” This expression indicates that an action is performed before others do it, often implying a sense of being a pioneer, a leader, or taking the initiative in a competitive environment. It is highly common in business
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜に先んじて (ni sakinjite) “before; ahead of; in advance of” This expression is used to indicate that one action or event happens prior to another, often for preparation, notification, or priority purposes. It is formal and neutral, commonly used in business, official communication, and reports. It appears primarily in written professional
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜を経て (〜o hete) "after going through; via; through" This expression is used to indicate that something happens after going through a process, period, or stage. It often conveys that an event, change, or result occurs following some kind of experience, transition, or procedure. * Formality: The tone is neutral
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜ともなしに (〜tomo nashi ni) "absentmindedly ~; without particular intention ~" This expression is used to indicate doing something without a clear intention, purpose, or awareness. It conveys an action or observation that occurs vaguely, unconsciously, or without deliberate thought. * Formality: The tone is neutral to literary, mostly used in written
JLPT N1 Grammar
〜といったところだ (to itta tokoro da) “about; roughly speaking; you could say it’s around…” This expression is used to give an approximate evaluation, conclusion, or realistic assessment rather than an exact figure or definitive statement. It often softens claims by implying “that’s probably about it” or “that would be